Primary-source trail

Sources and reference policy

For foundational concepts, this site favours public scientific agencies, standards bodies and research institutions over anonymous summaries.

NIST — measurement and SI

NIST SI units, the SI Learning Hub and NIST measurement publications support units, standards and measurement explanations.

NASA Science — light, stars and astronomy

NASA's electromagnetic-spectrum resources and Star Basics support optics and astronomy pages.

NOAA — weather and atmosphere

NOAA weather and atmosphere resources support cloud, pressure, humidity and weather-system explanations.

USGS — water science

USGS Water Science School supports water-cycle explanations.

U.S. Department of Energy — electricity and energy

DOE Electricity 101 supports basic electrical and energy-system explanations.

NIAID / NIH — immune-system basics

NIAID's immune-system overview and immune-response resources support the high-level immunity and vaccine page.

IUPAC — chemistry standards

IUPAC's periodic table resources support atomic and periodic-table terminology.

Editorial rule

Pages are rewritten in original plain language. A source trail is not used to imply that an agency reviewed or endorsed this site. When a topic is an active area of research, the article says so rather than presenting one study as settled fact.