Peer review is a filter, not a guarantee
Reviewers can identify weaknesses, but publication does not make a claim permanently true.
Replication tests robustness
Independent work can reveal whether a result holds under new data, methods or conditions.
Consensus develops over time
Scientific confidence grows when many lines of evidence agree.
Single studies deserve proportionate weight
A surprising new finding is a reason to investigate further, not automatically rewrite a field.
This page explains scientific concepts for general learning. It does not replace laboratory safety procedures, professional engineering guidance, or individualized medical advice.