Correlation describes association
A correlation means variables vary together in the observed data.
Causation needs more evidence
To argue that one factor causes another, scientists look for mechanisms, timing, alternative explanations and appropriately designed studies.
Confounding variables matter
A third factor can influence both variables and create a misleading relationship.
Strong evidence comes from converging methods
Different studies and methods pointing in the same direction are more persuasive than one dramatic graph.
This page explains scientific concepts for general learning. It does not replace laboratory safety procedures, professional engineering guidance, or individualized medical advice.