Atoms have nuclei and electrons
Protons and neutrons occupy the nucleus while electrons occupy quantum states around it.
Elements are defined by proton number
All carbon atoms have six protons; changing neutron number creates isotopes.
Bonds redistribute electrons
Covalent, ionic and metallic bonding describe different patterns of electron sharing or attraction.
Structure shapes properties
The same elements can behave differently when atoms are arranged differently.
Source trail: IUPAC: periodic table
This page explains scientific concepts for general learning. It does not replace laboratory safety procedures, professional engineering guidance, or individualized medical advice.